Question 1

_____ tells us how people actually behave, whereas _____ tells us how people are supposed to behave.

Accepted Answer

A)   Law; psychology
B)   Psychology; law
C)   Science; inquiry
D)   Inquiry; scienceE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 2

When psychology and law are discussed as embodying different cultures, the following underlying differences between the two fields are considered most important:

Accepted Answer

A)   peer-review practices and precedents.
B)   goals, methods, and styles of inquiry.
C)   burdens of proof and levels of adequacy.
D)   levels of education required for practice.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B) B

Question 3

For a reasonable evaluation of the scientific validity of a potential expert testimony, one needs to have sufficient understanding of:

Accepted Answer

A)   court proceedings.
B)   jury instructions.
C)   research methods.
D)   legal terminology.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 4

Research presented in Chapter 1 suggests that most state court judges _____ their gatekeeping role established in Daubert _____ adequately define the four guidelines for admissibility.

Accepted Answer

A)   relinquish; because they cannot
B)   support; and they can
C)   do not support; though they can
D)   support; whereas they cannotE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 5

According to the textbook, when writing amicus curiae briefs, it may be hard for psychologists to balance the goals of:

Accepted Answer

A)   science translation and advocacy.
B)   authoritativeness and leniency.
C)   speculation and deliberation.
D)   reflectivity and action orientation.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

The Daubert standard of admissibility _____, so two different judges _____ about whether the proposed expert testimony meets the Daubert standard.

Accepted Answer

A)   is exceptionally clear and straightforward; would easily agree
B)   leaves plenty of room for interpretation; may disagree
C)   can be misinterpreted easily; may have to ask for an appellate review
D)   is reasonably understandable; can often arrive at the same conclusionE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Precedents can best be described as:

Accepted Answer

A)   legal cases that have established a rule later applied to other cases with similar issues.
B)   past decisions dictating all future cases, regardless of how well the rule fits new cases.
C)   reviews of facts in a case that occurred in a similar jurisdiction.
D)   rulings on the matters that were applied to the same plaintiff or defendant in an earlier case.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 8

Get-tough interventions like Scared Straight and boot camps have been found:

Accepted Answer

A)   extremely effective in reducing recidivism.
B)   not to work and even backfire.
C)   promising but in need of further evaluations.
D)   not to be amenable to evaluation.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 9

Which organization was founded in 1969 by psychologists who were interested in the legal system?

Accepted Answer

A)   American Association of Forensic Psychology (AAFP) .
B)   Association of Legal and Clinical Psychology (ALCP) .
C)   International Association of Legal Psychology (IALP) .
D)   American Psychology-Law Society (APLS) .E) A) and B)
F) A) and D) D

Question 10

The _____ approach treats laws as being actively constructed by judges as serving social policy goals, whereas _____ treats laws as evolved to reflect the principles found in nature.

Accepted Answer

A)   legal objectivism; environmental law
B)   environmental law; legal objectivism
C)   legal realism; "natural law"
D)   "natural law"; legal realismE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

The Daubert trilogy of cases impacts trial courts by:

Accepted Answer

A)   putting the burden of decisions about allowing expert testimony on trial judges.
B)   demonstrating that judges understand social science research and methods.
C)   making judges take statistics courses and regular refresher training.
D)   proving scientific research is well understood by key actors in the legal system.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 12

Muller v. Oregon (1908)  and Brown v. Board of Education (1954)  are considered landmark cases in the history of forensic psychology because they:

Accepted Answer

A)   clarified the role of psychologists testifying as experts.
B)   allowed psychologists to testify on insanity defense.
C)   allowed women to get mandatory high school education.
D)   signified the use of social science research in court rulings.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 13

The primary goal of psychological science is to:

Accepted Answer

A)   study the effects of laws on humans under various conditions.
B)   regulate human behavior.
C)   demonstrate how punishment works.
D)   provide accurate explanations of human behavior.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D) D

Question 14

Legal realists:

Accepted Answer

A)   thought judicial decisions reflected principles found in nature.
B)   felt judges used careful logic to arrive at a single correct decision in a particular case.
C)   believed judges constructed the law through their interpretations of evidence and precedent.
D)   showed little interest in applying social science research to the legal system.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

The basis of the adversarial legal system is the belief that:

Accepted Answer

A)   the prosecution depends on the adverse nature of the case.
B)   truth will emerge as a result of contest between opposing sides.
C)   the defense depends on eyewitness testimony only.
D)   the truth always prevails.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

The text mentions several impactful ways for scientists to influence the legal system. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

A)   Disseminating the knowledge gained from research studies by describing them in popular press like Time magazine.
B)   Participating in continuing education programs that judges and lawyers are required to attend.
C)   Lobbying legislators to pass laws requiring the testimony of psychologists at every trial.
D)   Making scientific findings easy to understand and accessible to the public.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 17

Psychologists as evaluators are most likely to be doing research to answer the following question:

Accepted Answer

A)   Who committed the crime?
B)   Can laws be improved?
C)   Does the policy or program work?
D)   Is the lawyer using an effective trial strategy?E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

The knowledge and skills of cognitive psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in which one of these cases?

Accepted Answer

A)   When selecting jurors potentially sympathetic to the defendant.
B)   When assessing a mentally ill defendant for potential risk of violence.
C)   When deciding whether the eyewitness is able to remember the scene of crime.
D)   When evaluating which custody arrangement will most benefit the child.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 19

According to the text, psychology ____, whereas the legal system _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   emphasizes the characteristics of groups; emphasizes individual cases
B)   emphasizes individual cases; emphasizes the characteristics of groups
C)   applies abstract principles; understands the general nature of humans
D)   develops legal protocol; generalizes the details of a caseE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

A psychologist testifying in court feels it is his responsibility to correctly and clearly present scientific findings, even if this may lead to an unfair verdict by the jury. According to Saks (1990) , such an expert fulfills the role of:

Accepted Answer

A)   conduit-educator.
B)   philosopher-advocate.
C)   hired gun.
D)   inadvertent influencer.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Exam 1: Psychology and Law: a Cautious Alliance

_____ tells us how people actually behave, whereas _____ tells us how people are supposed to behave.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When psychology and law are discussed as embodying different cultures, the following underlying differences between the two fields are considered most important:

Correct AnswerverifiedB

For a reasonable evaluation of the scientific validity of a potential expert testimony, one needs to have sufficient understanding of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research presented in Chapter 1 suggests that most state court judges _____ their gatekeeping role established in Daubert _____ adequately define the four guidelines for admissibility.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the textbook, when writing amicus curiae briefs, it may be hard for psychologists to balance the goals of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Daubert standard of admissibility _____, so two different judges _____ about whether the proposed expert testimony meets the Daubert standard.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Precedents can best be described as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Get-tough interventions like Scared Straight and boot camps have been found:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which organization was founded in 1969 by psychologists who were interested in the legal system?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

The _____ approach treats laws as being actively constructed by judges as serving social policy goals, whereas _____ treats laws as evolved to reflect the principles found in nature.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Daubert trilogy of cases impacts trial courts by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Muller v. Oregon (1908) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) are considered landmark cases in the history of forensic psychology because they:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The primary goal of psychological science is to:

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Legal realists:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The basis of the adversarial legal system is the belief that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The text mentions several impactful ways for scientists to influence the legal system. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Psychologists as evaluators are most likely to be doing research to answer the following question:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The knowledge and skills of cognitive psychologists might be most relevant for the legal system in which one of these cases?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, psychology ____, whereas the legal system _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A psychologist testifying in court feels it is his responsibility to correctly and clearly present scientific findings, even if this may lead to an unfair verdict by the jury. According to Saks (1990) , such an expert fulfills the role of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_ tells us how people actually behave, whereas _ tells us how people are supposed to behave.

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B

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Research presented in Chapter 1 suggests that most state court judges _ their gatekeeping role established in Daubert _ adequately define the four guidelines for admissibility.

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The Daubert standard of admissibility _, so two different judges _ about whether the proposed expert testimony meets the Daubert standard.

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D

The _ approach treats laws as being actively constructed by judges as serving social policy goals, whereas _ treats laws as evolved to reflect the principles found in nature.

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D

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According to the text, psychology , whereas the legal system _.

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